California Stupid
2024-11-30 22:24:23 UTC
Motre proof that no matter what the fucking Democrat idiots do in
Sacramento California, it will have zero effect on the rest of the planet.
CALIFORNIA STUPID!
The Phlegraean Fields, now considered one massive supervolcano, are
beginning to stir, making the scientific community uneasy.
These volcanic fields, nestled just west of Naples, Italy, are among the
top eight emitters of volcanic carbon dioxide worldwide.
Since 2005, one spot in particular the Solfatara crater has been
releasing increased volumes of gas, catching the attention of researchers
and locals alike.
Gas emissions at Solfatara crater
Gianmarco Buono, a volcanologist at the Italian National Institute of
Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV), is leading a study to understand whats
behind this surge in gas emissions.
Estimating the source of the carbon dioxide is important to properly
reconstruct what is happening in the magmatic system and the hydrothermal
system, says Buono.
His team aims to provide a tool that can distinguish between carbon
dioxide coming from magma and that released by other processes, a method
that could be useful in volcanic regions around the world.
What exactly is a supervolcano?
In the simplest of terms, a supervolcano is essentially a volcano on
steroids. Its a massive volcanic system capable of producing eruptions
thousands of times more powerful than a regular volcano.
These eruptions can eject more than 1,000 cubic kilometers of material
into the atmosphere, which can have catastrophic effects on the global
climate and environment.
Youve probably heard of places like Yellowstone National Park in the
United States thats one of the most famous supervolcanoes.
When a supervolcano erupts it can form a giant caldera, which is a huge
crater that can span dozens of miles.
The sheer scale of these eruptions makes them rare, but theyre definitely
something scientists keep an eye on due to their potential impact on life
across the planet.
Numbers speak volumes
Today, the Solfatara crater emits between 4,000 and 5,000 tons of carbon
dioxide each day. To put that into perspective, thats equivalent to the
emissions from burning about 500,000 gallons of gasoline daily.
In their recent paper published in Geology, Buono and his colleagues
estimate that 20% to 40% of this carbon dioxide comes from the dissolution
of calcite in the surrounding rocks. The remaining 60% to 80% is traced
back to underground magma.
Science behind the Solfatara crater gas
When magma moves closer to the Earths surface, the pressure decreases,
causing gases that were trapped inside to escape. These gases include
water vapor, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide.
Scientists keep a close eye on volcanoes by monitoring earthquakes,
measuring ground deformation, and analyzing gases emitted from fumaroles
openings in the Earths crust that release steam and gases.
An uptick in gas emissions can be a sign of potential volcanic activity.
However, not every increase leads to an eruption.
Sometimes, carbon dioxide is released when hot underground fluids interact
with the rocks above, rather than from magma itself.
Monitoring changes over decades
Since 1983, the Italian National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology
has been keeping tabs on the gas emissions from the Solfatara crater.
By studying the ratios of nitrogen, helium, and carbon dioxide,
researchers had initially concluded that the gases were primarily from
deep magma sources.
Satellite view of Phlegraean Fields and Solfatara crater showing a large
caldera supervolcano west of Naples, Italy. It is part of the Campanian
volcanic arc, which includes Mount Vesuvius.
We focused mainly on geochemical variation, especially for carbon
dioxide, helium, and nitrogen, because they are non-reactive species. They
contain information about what is happening in the magma, Buono explains.
But things started to change in 2005. The data began to deviate from the
typical chemical signatures of magma-derived gases. This shift continued
over time, accompanied by rising temperatures in the shallow hydrothermal
system.
By 2012, the alert level for the region was raised from green to yellow,
signaling heightened activity but not an immediate threat of eruption.
Clues from the Earths movements
The area didnt just experience changes underground. Small earthquakes and
noticeable ground deformation were also observed.
These signs pointed toward the circulation of hot fluids beneath the
surface. When these hot, acidic fluids interact with calcite in the rocks,
they can release additional carbon dioxide.
Previous studies involving drill cores of the local rocks revealed that
the calcite present has a composition similar to the gases being emitted.
Based on this information, Buonos team estimated that 20% to 40% of the
carbon dioxide at the Solfatara crater comes from the breakdown of calcite
in the host rocks.
The Phlegraean Fields have a long volcanic history, with activity dating
back approximately 40,000 years. The most recent eruption occurred in
1538.
Since the 1950s, the region has experienced several phases of unrest,
reminding us that Earths geology is always in motion.
Why does this matter?
Understanding the source of carbon dioxide emissions in volcanic regions
is crucial for public safety and environmental monitoring.
By distinguishing between gases released from magma and those from other
processes, scientists can better predict volcanic activity and assess
potential risks.
Buonos research not only sheds light on the complex interactions beneath
the Phlegraean Fields but also provides tools that could be applied to
other volcanic areas.
As he notes, Our aim is to provide a tool to better discriminate the
contribution of magmatic and non-magmatic carbon dioxide that can also be
applied to other systems.
Solfatara crater and the future
To sum it all up, figuring out whats really going on beneath the
Phlegraean Fields and Solfatara crater is a big deal not just for the
science buffs but for everyone living on Earth.
Buonos team has shown that the spike in carbon dioxide emissions isnt
just magma pushing its way up. A good chunk of that gas is actually coming
from hot fluids interacting with calcite-rich rocks underground.
This kind of info is gold because it helps us keep a closer eye on
volcanic activity and, more importantly, keeps people safe.
Looking ahead, keeping tabs on these emissions and understanding their
sources is key. By knowing whether the carbon dioxide is from magma or
from rock interactions, scientists can better predict whats coming next.
The Phlegraean Fields are a vivid reminder that our planet is always on
the move. Scientists like Buono will keep unraveling the mysteries beneath
our feet, helping us understand the dynamic planet we call home.
The full study was published in the journal Geology.
https://www.earth.com/news/supervolcano-italy-solfatara-crater-phlegraean-
fields-shows-signs-of-waking-up/
Sacramento California, it will have zero effect on the rest of the planet.
CALIFORNIA STUPID!
The Phlegraean Fields, now considered one massive supervolcano, are
beginning to stir, making the scientific community uneasy.
These volcanic fields, nestled just west of Naples, Italy, are among the
top eight emitters of volcanic carbon dioxide worldwide.
Since 2005, one spot in particular the Solfatara crater has been
releasing increased volumes of gas, catching the attention of researchers
and locals alike.
Gas emissions at Solfatara crater
Gianmarco Buono, a volcanologist at the Italian National Institute of
Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV), is leading a study to understand whats
behind this surge in gas emissions.
Estimating the source of the carbon dioxide is important to properly
reconstruct what is happening in the magmatic system and the hydrothermal
system, says Buono.
His team aims to provide a tool that can distinguish between carbon
dioxide coming from magma and that released by other processes, a method
that could be useful in volcanic regions around the world.
What exactly is a supervolcano?
In the simplest of terms, a supervolcano is essentially a volcano on
steroids. Its a massive volcanic system capable of producing eruptions
thousands of times more powerful than a regular volcano.
These eruptions can eject more than 1,000 cubic kilometers of material
into the atmosphere, which can have catastrophic effects on the global
climate and environment.
Youve probably heard of places like Yellowstone National Park in the
United States thats one of the most famous supervolcanoes.
When a supervolcano erupts it can form a giant caldera, which is a huge
crater that can span dozens of miles.
The sheer scale of these eruptions makes them rare, but theyre definitely
something scientists keep an eye on due to their potential impact on life
across the planet.
Numbers speak volumes
Today, the Solfatara crater emits between 4,000 and 5,000 tons of carbon
dioxide each day. To put that into perspective, thats equivalent to the
emissions from burning about 500,000 gallons of gasoline daily.
In their recent paper published in Geology, Buono and his colleagues
estimate that 20% to 40% of this carbon dioxide comes from the dissolution
of calcite in the surrounding rocks. The remaining 60% to 80% is traced
back to underground magma.
Science behind the Solfatara crater gas
When magma moves closer to the Earths surface, the pressure decreases,
causing gases that were trapped inside to escape. These gases include
water vapor, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide.
Scientists keep a close eye on volcanoes by monitoring earthquakes,
measuring ground deformation, and analyzing gases emitted from fumaroles
openings in the Earths crust that release steam and gases.
An uptick in gas emissions can be a sign of potential volcanic activity.
However, not every increase leads to an eruption.
Sometimes, carbon dioxide is released when hot underground fluids interact
with the rocks above, rather than from magma itself.
Monitoring changes over decades
Since 1983, the Italian National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology
has been keeping tabs on the gas emissions from the Solfatara crater.
By studying the ratios of nitrogen, helium, and carbon dioxide,
researchers had initially concluded that the gases were primarily from
deep magma sources.
Satellite view of Phlegraean Fields and Solfatara crater showing a large
caldera supervolcano west of Naples, Italy. It is part of the Campanian
volcanic arc, which includes Mount Vesuvius.
We focused mainly on geochemical variation, especially for carbon
dioxide, helium, and nitrogen, because they are non-reactive species. They
contain information about what is happening in the magma, Buono explains.
But things started to change in 2005. The data began to deviate from the
typical chemical signatures of magma-derived gases. This shift continued
over time, accompanied by rising temperatures in the shallow hydrothermal
system.
By 2012, the alert level for the region was raised from green to yellow,
signaling heightened activity but not an immediate threat of eruption.
Clues from the Earths movements
The area didnt just experience changes underground. Small earthquakes and
noticeable ground deformation were also observed.
These signs pointed toward the circulation of hot fluids beneath the
surface. When these hot, acidic fluids interact with calcite in the rocks,
they can release additional carbon dioxide.
Previous studies involving drill cores of the local rocks revealed that
the calcite present has a composition similar to the gases being emitted.
Based on this information, Buonos team estimated that 20% to 40% of the
carbon dioxide at the Solfatara crater comes from the breakdown of calcite
in the host rocks.
The Phlegraean Fields have a long volcanic history, with activity dating
back approximately 40,000 years. The most recent eruption occurred in
1538.
Since the 1950s, the region has experienced several phases of unrest,
reminding us that Earths geology is always in motion.
Why does this matter?
Understanding the source of carbon dioxide emissions in volcanic regions
is crucial for public safety and environmental monitoring.
By distinguishing between gases released from magma and those from other
processes, scientists can better predict volcanic activity and assess
potential risks.
Buonos research not only sheds light on the complex interactions beneath
the Phlegraean Fields but also provides tools that could be applied to
other volcanic areas.
As he notes, Our aim is to provide a tool to better discriminate the
contribution of magmatic and non-magmatic carbon dioxide that can also be
applied to other systems.
Solfatara crater and the future
To sum it all up, figuring out whats really going on beneath the
Phlegraean Fields and Solfatara crater is a big deal not just for the
science buffs but for everyone living on Earth.
Buonos team has shown that the spike in carbon dioxide emissions isnt
just magma pushing its way up. A good chunk of that gas is actually coming
from hot fluids interacting with calcite-rich rocks underground.
This kind of info is gold because it helps us keep a closer eye on
volcanic activity and, more importantly, keeps people safe.
Looking ahead, keeping tabs on these emissions and understanding their
sources is key. By knowing whether the carbon dioxide is from magma or
from rock interactions, scientists can better predict whats coming next.
The Phlegraean Fields are a vivid reminder that our planet is always on
the move. Scientists like Buono will keep unraveling the mysteries beneath
our feet, helping us understand the dynamic planet we call home.
The full study was published in the journal Geology.
https://www.earth.com/news/supervolcano-italy-solfatara-crater-phlegraean-
fields-shows-signs-of-waking-up/